Concrete Testing

There are two main tests to be done on concrete:
The SLUMP test.
The SLUMP test shows the WORKABILITY of concrete.
Workability measures how easy the concrete is to place, handle
and compact.
See CHAPTER 2 Concrete Properties
The COMPRESSION test.
The COMPRESSION test shows the best possible strength
concrete can reach in perfect conditions.
The compression test measures concrete strength in the
hardened state.
Testing should always be done carefully. Wrong test results can be costly.
SAMPLING The first step is to take a test sample from the large batch of concrete. This
should be done as soon as discharge of the concrete commences. The sample should be
representative of the concrete supplied.
The sample is taken in one of two ways:
For purposes of accepting or rejecting the load: Sampling after 0.2 m3 of the load has
been poured.
For routine quality checks: Sampling from three places in the load.






THE SLUMP TEST The slump test is done to make sure a concrete mix is workable.
The measured slump must be within a set range, or tolerance, from the target slump.
Tools
Standard slump cone (100 mm top diameter x 200 mm bottom diameter x 300 mm high)
Small scoop
Bullet-nosed rod
(600 mm long x 16 mm diameter)
Rule
Slump plate (500 mm x 500 mm)
Method
1 Clean the cone. Dampen with water and place on the slump plate.
The slump plate should be clean, firm, level and non-absorbent.
2 Collect a sample. See Sampling
3 Stand firmly on the footpieces and fill 1/3 the volume of the cone with
the sample. Compact the concrete by 'rodding' 25 times.
Rodding Rodding means to push a steel rod in and out of the
concrete to compact it into the cylinder, or slump cone.
Always rod in a definite pattern, working from outside into the middle.
4 Now fill to 2/3 and again rod 25 times, just into the top
of the first layer.
5 Fill to overflowing, rodding again this time just into the top
of the second layer. Top up the cone till it overflows.
6 Level off the surface with the steel rod using a rolling
action. Clean any concrete from around
the base and top of the cone, push down on the
handles and step off the footpieces.
7 Carefully lift the cone straight up making sure
not to move the sample.
8 Turn the cone upside down and place the rod across the
up-turned cone.


9 Take several measurements and report the average
distance to the top of the sample.
10 If the sample fails by being outside the
tolerance (ie the slump is too high or too low),
another must be taken. If this also fails the
remainder of the batch should be rejected.
THE COMPRESSION TEST The compression test shows the compressive strength of
hardened concrete. The testing is done in a laboratory off-site. The only work done on-site
is to make a concrete cylinder for the compression test.
The strength is measured in Megapascals (MPa) and is commonly specified as a
characteristic strength of concrete measured at 28 days after mixing. The compressive
strength is a measure of the concrete’s ability to resist loads which tend to crush it.
Tools
Cylinders (100 mm diameter x 200 mm high or 150 mm diameter x 300 mm high)
(The small cylinders are normally used for most testing due to their lighter weight)
Small scoop
Bullet-nosed rod (600 mm x 16 mm)
Steel float
Steel plate
Method
1 Clean the cylinder mould and coat the inside lightly with form oil,
then place on a clean, level and firm surface, ie the steel plate.
2 Collect a sample. See Sampling
3 Fill 1/2 the volume of the mould with concrete then compact by rodding
25 times. Cylinders may also be compacted by vibrating using a
vibrating table.



4 Fill the cone to overflowing and rod 25 times into the top of the first
layer, then top up the mould till overflowing.
5 Level off the top with the steel float and clean any
concrete from around the mould.


6 Cap, clearly tag the cylinder
and put it in a cool dry place
to set for at least 24 hours.


7 After the mould is removed the cylinder is sent to the laboratory
where it is cured and crushed to test compressive strength.